JJ standards and the 3458A
Hello,
JJ standards are always primary ones, i.e. don't need to be calibrated.
Preconditiion is only, that the setup is deigned correctly, mainly that
the JJ voltage on cryongenic level is transferred to room temperature
level with high accuracy.
The JJ voltage is uncertain to 10e-17 on cryogenic level, i.e. on
comparing/transferring from one JJ to another by means of a SQUID.
Transfer to RT is limited by thermal voltages to around 10e-9 uncertainty.
That's also the practical limit in the real, macroscopic world.
A 9.5 digit macroscopic or analogusly made DMM is unimaginable due to
following reasons:
- Stability of Zener references are limited to around 0.1ppm in time,
temperature and noise - Same goes for the analogue range amplifiers, based on resistors.
- The 3458A still has got the best linear A/D, around 0.02ppm of input.
- Range transfer to the 5 Cardinal Points 1kV, 100V, 10V, 1V, 100mV is
also limited to around 0.2 - 0.5ppm (see Fluke 752A)
A JJ array could not be designed into an analogue DMM, due to the fact,
that the setup needs cryogenic devices as dewars, and lHe4 or lN2.
Microwave generator, frequency and constant current source can be made
compact, as there already exist "portable" JJ array setups for
comparison between primary labs. (Those comparisons always were precise
and limited to 10e-9 uncertainty).
Anyhow, as the Volt still is uncertain to about 2*10e-7 in the SI
system, a 9.5 digit DMM currently makes no sense at all.
Let's see, if the BIPM will decide on the new SI by end of this year or
in 2 / 4 years only.
Then, I would propose to build a 9 digit DMM, but based exclusively on
cryogenic electronics, i.e. a JJ array as an ultra linear D/A and as a
primary Volt standard in one.
The only unsolved problem then would again be the range transfer, which
is not yet possible by cryogenic standards, afaik.
Similar limitations apply also to an quatum Ohm standrad / DMM, as the
Hall effect standard requires several Teslas of magnetic field, and
cryogenics, which cannot be built into an analoguos DMM, and also the
Ohm transfer to analogue resistors is again limited to 10e-9 by thermal
voltages.
Frank
In message 52DCC9A9.7020703@freenet.de, Frank Stellmach writes:
The only unsolved problem then would again be the range transfer, which
is not yet possible by cryogenic standards, afaik.
Change the frequency ?
--
Poul-Henning Kamp | UNIX since Zilog Zeus 3.20
phk@FreeBSD.ORG | TCP/IP since RFC 956
FreeBSD committer | BSD since 4.3-tahoe
Never attribute to malice what can adequately be explained by incompetence.
As I said in an earlier post it does not require calibration, but set up and operation are beyond the difficulty of most equipments calibration procedure. But great advances have been made as can be seen in Dave's quote below.
“The only problem with those (Past JJ's) is that they require an expert PhD
physicist to operate,” Rudman says. “We wanted a standard that was
considerably easier to use. If dissemination of the new, automated
system proceeds as envisioned, then within our lifetimes there will no
longer be a need for voltage transfer standards that have to be shipped
off periodically for re-calibration. We can make primary standards,
programmable from 0 to 10 volts, which are simple and cheap enough that
every lab can have one. This is real now.”
This "Now" you see in the photos is actually an AC JJ that will provide variable DC and AC signals.
http://www.metas.ch/LesHouches/downloads/talks/16_Benz.pdf
http://www.nist.gov/pml/div686/devices/automated-voltage-standard-ready.cfm
Enjoy
Thomas Knox
Date: Mon, 20 Jan 2014 08:00:57 +0100
From: frank.stellmach@freenet.de
To: volt-nuts@febo.com
Subject: [volt-nuts] JJ standards and the 3458A
Hello,
JJ standards are always primary ones, i.e. don't need to be calibrated.
Preconditiion is only, that the setup is deigned correctly, mainly that
the JJ voltage on cryongenic level is transferred to room temperature
level with high accuracy.
The JJ voltage is uncertain to 10e-17 on cryogenic level, i.e. on
comparing/transferring from one JJ to another by means of a SQUID.
Transfer to RT is limited by thermal voltages to around 10e-9 uncertainty.
That's also the practical limit in the real, macroscopic world.
A 9.5 digit macroscopic or analogusly made DMM is unimaginable due to
following reasons:
- Stability of Zener references are limited to around 0.1ppm in time,
temperature and noise - Same goes for the analogue range amplifiers, based on resistors.
- The 3458A still has got the best linear A/D, around 0.02ppm of input.
- Range transfer to the 5 Cardinal Points 1kV, 100V, 10V, 1V, 100mV is
also limited to around 0.2 - 0.5ppm (see Fluke 752A)
A JJ array could not be designed into an analogue DMM, due to the fact,
that the setup needs cryogenic devices as dewars, and lHe4 or lN2.
Microwave generator, frequency and constant current source can be made
compact, as there already exist "portable" JJ array setups for
comparison between primary labs. (Those comparisons always were precise
and limited to 10e-9 uncertainty).
Anyhow, as the Volt still is uncertain to about 2*10e-7 in the SI
system, a 9.5 digit DMM currently makes no sense at all.
Let's see, if the BIPM will decide on the new SI by end of this year or
in 2 / 4 years only.
Then, I would propose to build a 9 digit DMM, but based exclusively on
cryogenic electronics, i.e. a JJ array as an ultra linear D/A and as a
primary Volt standard in one.
The only unsolved problem then would again be the range transfer, which
is not yet possible by cryogenic standards, afaik.
Similar limitations apply also to an quatum Ohm standrad / DMM, as the
Hall effect standard requires several Teslas of magnetic field, and
cryogenics, which cannot be built into an analoguos DMM, and also the
Ohm transfer to analogue resistors is again limited to 10e-9 by thermal
voltages.
Frank
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