Built-in?  No.

But it's a small amount of trig.

BOSL2 has a complete-looking set of coordinate transformations:
https://github.com/revarbat/BOSL2/wiki/coords.scad

Or if you want to work more from first principles, here's mine.

In case it wasn't obvious, you would use mine something like

translate(torect([10, 30])) cube(1);

and the BOSL2 variant similarly:

include <BOSL2/coords.scad>

translate(polar_to_xy([10, 60])) cube(1);

In both cases the first element of the polar coordinate is rho, the
distance, and the second element is theta, the angle counterclockwise
from the +X axis.

The three-dimensional variants add phi, the angle down from the +Z axis.