I use the averaging of the two half-ranges of the 3*m block tecnique rather than the minimum square estimator as recommended. The formulation given may seem strange, but it is the 3/2*m sample average of the f(i)=(x[n+3/2*m+i)-x[n+i])/ (3/2*m) frequency estimation where i varies from 0 to 3/2*m-1.

They figured out a workaround to estimate the best lock frequency using temperature and > Doppler estimates, and Voyager continues on its happy way out of the solar system. (FWIW, the carrier > tracking loop has a bandwidth of a few Hz, I think.) >

Missed beats just don't update the rate, and you use the beat to beat timing, inverted, to update the heart rate estimate, using some sort of exponential smoother (probably for implementation simplicity..

Actually, how bad would your time estimate be if you just assumed perfect circular orbits with no higher order corrections?

Often just using a simple second order diff equation system and letting a Kalman filter estimate the parameters is easier than modeling a full memory system... under the condition that one can excite the system reliably and isolate/estimate the other effects well enough. Attila Kinali -- It is upon moral qualities that a society is ultimately founded.

The ntptime command just never shows anything to do with pps: ntp_gettime() returns code 0 (OK) time db34fdf6.b3f1c758 Sat, Jul 16 2016 14:39:50.702, (.702908970), maximum error 464140 us, estimated error 17306 us, TAI offset 0 ntp_adjtime() returns code 0 (OK) modes 0x0 (), offset 53253.096 us, frequency -6.870 ppm, interval 1 s, maximum

As long as the phase noise and short tau ADEV are in spec, the PPS estimate will be the same in both cases.

If one for example wishes to estimate PN down to an offset of 1Hz then an equivalent filter noise bandwidth of 0.1Hz or perhaps less is desirable (the PN spectrum at low offsets is far from flat). To achive accurate noise estimates a simulation time of at least 100 x the reciprocal of the equivalent noise bandwidth is required.

This is known to lead to incorrect measurements, and under-estimating the carrier power. I've made the same comment in the P1139 working group. The full power of the carrier includes it sidebands, it's the power which you would measure wide-band into a power-meter.

Most phones make heavy use of Assisted-GPS - the cellsite gives them an estimate of position and the approximate code phase and timing, so that acquisition can be fast (and consume small power).